Country

Robotaxis in Germany

3 cities tracked, 0 with public driverless rides, 4 operators.

Munich, Germany - Momenta (announced)MunichDarmstadt, Germany - Deutsche Bahn (DB Regio) / RMV - KIRA (testing)DarmstadtHamburg, Germany - MOIA (public, with operator), HOLON (testing)Hamburg

Cities

Hamburg

Darmstadt

Munich

Regulation

Germany

Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA), State (Laender) authorities approving operating areas

Road Traffic Act (StVG, sections 1d-1l) allows Level 4 vehicles to drive without a driver in an approved defined operating area, overseen by a technical supervisor who can approve manoeuvres remotely. The KBA issues the vehicle operating permit (or an EU 2022/1426 type approval is used); the competent state authority approves the operating area. The AFGBV ordinance of 24 June 2022 (in force 1 July 2022) details permits, operating areas and technical supervision; section 16 allows test permits, used e.g. for HOLON urban (13 November 2025, safety driver, to end 2026). All passenger projects found (MOIA/HOLON Hamburg, KIRA) still run with safety staff on board.

  1. AFGBV ordinance on approval and operation of vehicles with autonomous driving function adopted, in force 2022-07-01 source
  2. KBA approves HOLON urban under section 16 AFGBV for nationwide autonomous testing with safety driver source
Sources (3)
  1. AFGBV full text - German Federal Ministry of Justice, 24 Jun 2022
  2. Section 1e StVG - German Federal Ministry of Justice
  3. HOLON and HOCHBAHN receive approval for autonomous driving - Urban Transport Magazine, 14 Nov 2025

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